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Minerals in Detail
Chemical Details | Description | Industrial Applications |
In Nature | Health Impacts | Daily Intake
FLUORINE / FLUORIDE
Fluorine - chemical details
| Symbol | F |
| Atomic number | 9 |
| Atomic mass | 18.998403 g.mol-1 |
| Electronegativity | 4.0 (according to Pauling) |
| Mass volume | 1.8*10-3 g.cm-3 at 20°C |
| Melting point | -219.6 °C |
| Boiling point | -188 °C |
| Vanderwaals radius | 0.135 nm |
| Ionic radius | 0.136 nm (-1) |
| 0.007 (+7) |
| Isotopes | 2 |
| Electronic configuration | [ He ] 2s22p5 |
| Energy of first ionisation | 1680.6 kJ.mol-1 |
| Energy of second ionisation | 3134 kJ.mol-1 |
| Energy of third ionisation | 6050 kJ mol-1 |
| Standard potential | - 2.87 V |
| Discovered | 1886 - Ferdinand Moissan |
Chemical Details | Description | Industrial Applications |
In Nature | Health Impacts | Daily Intake
Fluorine / Fluoride - Description
Fluorine is a univalent poisonous gaseous halogen. It is pale yellow-green and it is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements.
Fluorine readily forms compounds with most other elements, even with noble gases. It is so reactive that glass, metals, and even water, as well as other
substances, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas. In aqueous solution, fluorine commonly occurs as the fluoride ion F-.
Fluorides are compounds
that combine fluorine with some positively charged counterpart.
Chemical Details | Description | Industrial Applications |
In Nature | Health Impacts | Daily Intake
Fluorine / Fluoride - Industrial applications
Fluorine is used in the computer industry, uranium production, and refrigeration. Fluoride is used in toothpastes and water treatment. For details on
industrial applications and impact on the environment see www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/F-en.htm
Chemical Details | Description | Industrial Applications |
In Nature | Health Impacts | Daily Intake
Fluorine / Fluoride - In natural form
Annual world production of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) is around 4 million tonnes, and there are around 120 million tonnes of mineral reserves. The main mining
areas for fluorite are China, Mexico and Western Europe. Fluorine occurs naturally in the earth's crust where it can be found in rocks, coal and clay.
Fluorides are released into the air in wind-blown soil. Fluorine is the 13th most aboundant element in the Earth's crust at around 950 ppm.
Soils contain approximately 330 ppm of fluorine, ranging from 150 to 400 ppm. Some soils can have as much as 1000 ppm and contaminated soils have been
found with 3500 ppm. Hydrogen fluorides can be released into air through industrial combustion processes. Fluorides that are found in air will
eventually drop onto land or into water. When fluorine is attached to very small particles it can remain in the air for a long period of time. In the
atmosphere 0.6 ppb of fluorine are present as salt spray and organic chloride compounds. Up to 50 ppb has been recorded in city environments.
Chemical Details | Description | Industrial Applications |
In Nature | Health Impacts | Daily Intake
Flourine / Flouride - Impact on health
Small amounts of fluorine are naturally present in water, air, plants and animals. As a result humans are exposed to fluorine through eating, drinking, and
breathing. Fluorine can be found in any kind of food in relatively small quantities. Large quantities of fluorine can be found in tea and shellfish.
The organic form of fluorine is closely involved with calcium and molybdenum in the formation of calcium fluorapatite, which contributes to healthy teeth
and bones. Fluorine is essential for the maintenance of solidity of our bones. Fluorine can also protect us from dental decay, if it is applied through
toothpaste twice a day. If fluorine is absorbed too frequently, it can cause teeth decay, osteoporosis and harm to kidneys, bones, nerves and muscles.
Fluorine gas is released in industry. This gas is very dangerous, as it can cause death at very high concentrations. At low concentrations it causes eye and
nose irritations.
Chemical Details | Description | Industrial Applications |
In Nature | Health Impacts | Daily Intake
Fluoride - Recommended daily & maximum intake
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Risk free |
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intake? |
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Food sources? |
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Result of overdose? |
| Age Group |
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RDA |
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Limit |
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Infants
0-6 mo
7-12 mo
Children
1-3 y
4-8 y
Males
9-13 y
14-18 y
19-30 y
31-50 y
50-70 y
> 70 y
Females
9-13 y
14-18 y
19-30 y
31-50 y
50-70 y
> 70 y
Pregnancy
< 19 y
19-30 y
31+ y
Lactation
< 19 y
19-30 y
31+ y |
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(mg/d)
0.01
0.5
0.7
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0 |
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(mg/d)
0.7
0.9
1.3
2.2
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0 |
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Fluoridated dental products
Fluoridated water
Marine fish |
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Enemal fluorosis
Skeletal fluorosis |
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Explanations:
ND = Not determinable. There is either insufficient data on adverse effects and/or concern with the body's ability to handle excess amounts. In most
instances it is wise not to supplement for this particular element, but to rely on diet to provide sufficient quantities.
RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. May be used as a goal for daily intake. RDAs are set at a level that should meet the needs of 97-98% of all individuals.1, 2, 3, 4
Limit = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake from all sources that is highly likely to pose no risk of adverse effects.1, 2, 3, 4
References:
- Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine.
- Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine.
- Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids.Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine.
- Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine.
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